When was Rome founded?

According to Roman tradition, Rome was founded by Romulus on 21 April 753 BCE. Archaeology shows that small Iron Age villages already existed on the Palatine and nearby hills from about 1000 BCE, and they gradually grew together into a city during the 8th and 7th centuries BCE.

What was the Roman Republic?

The Roman Republic began around 509 BCE, when the Romans expelled their last king, Tarquin the Proud. Instead of a king, citizens elected officials, led by two consuls who served for one year. The Senate advised them, and assemblies of citizens voted on laws and elections. The Republic lasted until 27 BCE.

What were the Punic Wars?

The Punic Wars were three wars between Rome and Carthage, a powerful city in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 BCE. In the Second Punic War the Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the Alps with elephants and defeated Rome at Cannae in 216 BCE, but Scipio Africanus beat him at Zama in 202 BCE. Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE.

Who was Julius Caesar?

Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) was a Roman general and politician who conquered Gaul, crossed the Rubicon river with his army in 49 BCE, won a civil war, and was named dictator for life. A group of senators assassinated him on the Ides of March, 15 March 44 BCE. He also introduced the Julian calendar in 46 BCE.

Who was the first Roman emperor?

Augustus, born Gaius Octavius and the adopted heir of Julius Caesar, is regarded as the first Roman emperor. After defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BCE, he received the title Augustus from the Senate in 27 BCE and ruled until his death in 14 CE.

What was the Pax Romana?

The Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, was a period of about two hundred years, from the reign of Augustus (27 BCE) to the death of Marcus Aurelius (180 CE), when the Roman Empire was relatively stable and prosperous. Trade, roads, and cities grew, and the empire reached its greatest size under Trajan in 117 CE.

What did the Romans invent or improve?

The Romans did not invent the arch, but they used arches, vaults, domes, and a strong concrete on a huge scale. They built about 80,000 km of main paved roads, aqueducts that carried fresh water to cities, public baths, sewers such as the Cloaca Maxima, and a legal system that still influences laws around the world.

What happened to Pompeii?

In 79 CE Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum under volcanic ash and debris. The ash preserved streets, houses, paintings, and everyday objects. Excavations began at Herculaneum in 1738 and at Pompeii in 1748, giving us a detailed picture of Roman daily life.

When did the Roman Empire fall?

The Western Roman Empire is usually said to have ended in 476 CE, when the Germanic general Odoacer deposed the young emperor Romulus Augustulus. The Eastern Roman Empire, often called the Byzantine Empire, continued with its capital at Constantinople until the city fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

What is Rome’s legacy today?

Latin became the root of Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian, and gave many words to English. Roman law shaped legal codes in Europe and beyond, the Roman alphabet is used across the world, our calendar descends from the Julian calendar, and Roman ideas such as the senate and republic influenced modern governments.

Civilizations Timeline

Ancient Roman Civilization Timeline: Kings → Republic → Punic Wars & Caesar → Pax Romana → Fall of the West → Byzantium & Legacy

A cluster of hilltop villages beside the River Tiber grew into a city, then a republic that conquered Italy, and finally an empire that stretched from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to Mesopotamia. Its roads, aqueducts, laws, and language shaped Europe and the Mediterranean, and its eastern half survived as the Byzantine Empire until 1453.

This timeline covers the Palatine villages and the legend of Romulus, the seven kings, the founding of the Republic, the Twelve Tables, the Appian Way, Hannibal and the Punic Wars, the Gracchi, Spartacus, Julius Caesar, Augustus, the Colosseum, Pompeii, Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Constantine, the sack of Rome, the fall of the West in 476 CE, Justinian, Constantinople, and the rediscovery of Rome in the Renaissance and at Pompeii.

753 BCE Founding (legend) → 509 BCE Republic 44 BCE Caesar → 27 BCE Augustus 476 CE Fall of the West → 1453 Constantinople

Why Ancient Rome Matters

Ancient Rome built one of the largest and longest-lasting states in history. For more than a thousand years in the West, and nearly two thousand counting its eastern half, Romans governed peoples of many languages and religions, linked them with roads and trade, and spread Latin, Roman law, and city life. Much of today’s world — from alphabets and calendars to legal systems, domes, and the words “senate” and “republic” — still carries Rome’s mark.

Big picture

Ancient Rome in one view

Villages on the hills of Rome became a city ruled by kings, the Romans set up a republic in 509 BCE and conquered Italy, they defeated Carthage and expanded around the Mediterranean, civil wars ended the Republic, Augustus began two centuries of imperial peace, crises and invasions brought down the Western Empire in 476 CE, and the Eastern Empire lasted until 1453. Related timelines: roads, coins and currency, water supply.

753 BCE

Traditional founding of Rome

117 CE

Empire at its greatest size under Trajan

80,000+ km

Main paved roads (estimate)

1453

Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire

Split image with the Colosseum reconstructed as new around 80 CE on the left, its four tiers intact with statues in the arches, a coloured awning, a bronze equestrian statue, and Romans in togas on a paved plaza, and the same Colosseum today on the right, partly ruined and weathered, with tourists carrying backpacks and cars on the road — The Colosseum reimagined as new around 80 CE, and as visitors see it today (artistic illustration).

Ancient Rome Then vs Rome Now

Feature	Ancient Rome (c. 100 CE)	Rome and Italy today
Government	Emperor, with a Senate and appointed governors	Italian Republic with an elected parliament and a president
Rome’s role	Capital of an empire across three continents	Capital of Italy (since 1871) and home to Vatican City
Language	Latin in the west, Greek in the east	Italian, a Romance language that grew out of Latin
Religion	Many gods, such as Jupiter, Juno, Mars, and Vesta	Mostly Christian, with the Pope based in Vatican City
City population	Perhaps about 1 million (estimated)	About 2.7 million in the city of Rome
Water	Aqueducts carried water from the hills into the city	Modern pipes; the ancient Aqua Virgo still feeds the Trevi Fountain
Roads	Stone-paved roads such as the Via Appia	Motorways, some following old Roman routes
Law	Roman law, from the Twelve Tables onwards	Civil law codes that grew from Roman law
Entertainment	Gladiator games and chariot races	Football, films, and the Colosseum as a monument
Money	Silver denarius and gold aureus coins	The euro

🐺 Founding & Kingsc. 1000 – 509 BCE

Founding & the Kings

Latin-speaking farmers and herders lived in hut villages on the hills beside the River Tiber, at a natural crossing point in central Italy. Roman legend says Romulus founded the city in 753 BCE after quarrelling with his twin Remus. Rome was then ruled by seven kings, the last of them Etruscans, who drained the marshy valley that became the Forum.

Reconstructed Iron Age hut village on a hill above the Tiber, with oval huts of wattle and daub and thatched roofs, a wooden fence, people in simple woollen tunics carrying clay jars and tending sheep, and the river winding through a misty green valley below — A thatched hut village above the Tiber, like the earliest settlements on the Palatine Hill (artistic illustration).

c. 1000–800 BCE: Small Iron Age villages of oval huts appear on the Palatine and other hills of Rome, and the dead are buried in the valley below.
753 BCE (tradition): According to legend, Romulus, raised with his twin Remus by a she-wolf, founds Rome on 21 April and becomes its first king.
c. 625–575 BCE: The villages merge into a city, the Forum valley is drained and paved, and the Etruscans of central Italy strongly influence Roman building, religion, and dress.
c. 509 BCE: The Romans expel their seventh and last king, Tarquin the Proud, and the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill is traditionally dedicated.

Technology

Huts and palisades: Wood, reeds, and clay.
Drainage: Early Cloaca Maxima channel.
Iron tools: Farming and weapons.

Features

Seven hills: By the Tiber crossing.
Seven kings: Romulus to Tarquin.
Etruscan influence: Temples and rituals.

🏛️ Republic509 – 264 BCE

Early Republic & the Conquest of Italy

Without a king, Romans elected two consuls each year, advised by the Senate. Ordinary citizens, the plebeians, struggled for rights against the noble patricians and won their own officials and written laws. Step by step, through wars and alliances, Rome came to control almost all of Italy south of the River Po.

Reconstructed Roman Senate in session in a stone hall with tiered wooden benches, where senators in white togas with purple stripes listen as one senator stands and speaks with a raised hand, light falling through high windows onto a bronze winged statue of Victory — A senator addresses the Senate beneath a statue of Victory (artistic illustration).

509–494 BCE: The Republic begins with two consuls elected for one year, and after the plebeians walk out of the city in protest (494 BCE), they win their own officials, the tribunes of the plebs.
c. 451–450 BCE: The Twelve Tables, Rome’s first written laws, are displayed in the Forum so that all citizens can know the law.
c. 390 BCE: Gauls from the north sack Rome, and the Romans afterwards build a stronger stone city wall.
312–264 BCE: Appius Claudius begins the Appian Way and the first aqueduct (312 BCE), Rome defeats the Samnites and King Pyrrhus, and by 264 BCE it leads most of the Italian peninsula.

Technology

Via Appia: The first great Roman road.
Aqua Appia: The first aqueduct.
Bronze coins: Early Roman money.

Features

Elected consuls: Two, for one year.
Written law: The Twelve Tables.
Italy united: Through wars and alliances.

⚔️ Punic Wars & Caesar264 – 27 BCE

Punic Wars & the Late Republic

Three wars against Carthage made Rome the master of the western Mediterranean, and further wars brought Greece, Spain, and Asia Minor under its rule. But wealth and slaves flowed to the rich, generals built private armies, and a century of political violence and civil wars ended with Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and, finally, rule by one man.

Reconstructed Roman legion marching along a paved road across green hills, with legionaries in mail shirts and bronze helmets carrying oval red shields, javelins, and packs on poles, a standard-bearer holding an eagle standard, a centurion with a red crest, and a fortified camp with a wooden palisade in the distance — Legionaries march behind their eagle standard on a Roman road (artistic illustration).

264–201 BCE: Rome wins the First Punic War and gains Sicily, its first province, and in the Second, Hannibal crosses the Alps (218 BCE) and wins at Cannae (216 BCE) before Scipio defeats him at Zama (202 BCE).
146 BCE: Rome destroys both Carthage and Corinth, and Africa and Macedonia become Roman provinces.
133–71 BCE: The reforming Gracchus brothers are killed (133 and 121 BCE), Marius recruits landless men into the army, and the gladiator Spartacus leads a great slave revolt (73–71 BCE).
58–27 BCE: Julius Caesar conquers Gaul, crosses the Rubicon (49 BCE), and is assassinated on the Ides of March (44 BCE), and Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium (31 BCE) before becoming Augustus (27 BCE).

Technology

Corvus: Boarding bridge for warships.
Roman concrete: Strong and long lasting.
Julian calendar: 365¼ days, 46 BCE.

Features

Mediterranean power: After Carthage.
Professional legions: Loyal to generals.
Civil wars: End of the Republic.

👑 Pax Romana27 BCE – 180 CE

Augustus & the Pax Romana

Augustus kept the outward forms of the Republic but held real power as the first emperor. About two centuries of relative peace followed, the Pax Romana, when trade, cities, roads, and aqueducts spread across the empire. Rome itself filled with marble temples, baths, and arenas such as the Colosseum.

Reconstructed Roman Forum in the imperial age crowded with citizens in togas and tunics, merchants, and porters, surrounded by marble temples with Corinthian columns and red tile roofs, a carved triumphal arch, gilded statues, and a temple on the Capitoline Hill above, in bright sunlight — Citizens, merchants, and porters fill the Roman Forum in the age of the emperors (artistic illustration).

27 BCE–14 CE: Augustus rules as the first emperor, reforms the army and provinces, sets up a fire brigade and police for Rome, and boasts that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.
43–79 CE: Claudius invades Britain (43 CE), a great fire burns much of Rome under Nero (64 CE), and Mount Vesuvius buries Pompeii and Herculaneum (79 CE).
80–125 CE: The Colosseum opens under Titus (80 CE), the empire reaches its greatest size under Trajan (117 CE), and Hadrian begins his wall in Britain (122 CE) and rebuilds the Pantheon.
161–180 CE: The philosopher-emperor Marcus Aurelius fights on the Danube frontier while a deadly epidemic, the Antonine Plague, spreads, and his death in 180 CE is often seen as the end of the Pax Romana.

Technology

Domes and vaults: The Pantheon.
Aqueduct bridges: Such as the Pont du Gard.
Treadwheel cranes: Lifting heavy stone.

Features

Emperors: Power in one person.
Roman peace: About 200 years.
Greatest extent: Under Trajan.

🛡️ Fall of the West180 – 476 CE

Crisis, Christianity & the Fall of the West

In the third century the empire nearly collapsed under civil wars, invasions, plague, and inflation. Strong emperors such as Diocletian and Constantine reorganised it, Christianity became its main religion, and a new capital rose at Constantinople. But the western half, under pressure from Germanic peoples and the Huns, slowly broke apart.

Reconstructed scene of Gothic warriors on horseback with round shields and spears riding through a massive brick gate between round towers of Rome’s city walls, with smoke rising over red-tiled rooftops and a temple in the distance, as worried Roman citizens in cloaks watch from the roadside under a grey sky — Gothic warriors ride through a gate in Rome’s walls, as in the sack of 410 CE (artistic illustration).

212–284 CE: Caracalla gives citizenship to almost all free people of the empire (212 CE), and in the Crisis of the Third Century about two dozen emperors rise and fall while Aurelian builds new walls around Rome (from 271 CE).
284–330 CE: Diocletian divides power among four rulers, Constantine and Licinius grant Christians freedom of worship in the Edict of Milan (313 CE), and Constantine dedicates Constantinople (330 CE).
380–410 CE: Theodosius I makes Nicene Christianity the state religion (380 CE), the empire splits for good into East and West at his death (395 CE), and the Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome (410 CE).
451–476 CE: Attila the Hun invades Gaul and Italy, the Vandals sack Rome (455 CE), and the general Odoacer deposes the last western emperor, Romulus Augustulus (476 CE).

Technology

Aurelian Walls: Defending Rome.
Solidus: A stable gold coin.
Codex books: Replacing scrolls.

Features

Crisis: Wars, plague, inflation.
Christian empire: From Constantine.
East and West: Split in 395 CE.

📜 Legacy476 – Today

Byzantium & Rome’s Legacy

The Eastern Roman Empire, later called the Byzantine Empire, carried on Roman law and government in Greek for almost another thousand years. In the West, Latin lived on in the Church and in scholarship, the Renaissance revived Roman art and ideas, and excavations at Pompeii and Rome brought the ancient city back to life.

Sepia 18th-century excavation at Pompeii where workers in shirts and breeches dig volcanic ash with picks and baskets beside a Roman street with stepping stones and walls with faded red frescoes, while a gentleman in a tricorn hat and long coat sketches in a notebook and Vesuvius smokes in the background — Workers uncover a Pompeii street in the 18th century as a scholar takes notes (artistic illustration).

527–565 CE: The eastern emperor Justinian collects Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis (529–534 CE), completes Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (537 CE), and reconquers Italy and North Africa.
800–1453: Charlemagne is crowned emperor in Rome (800 CE), reviving the western imperial title, and the Byzantine Empire lasts until Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks on 29 May 1453.
1400s–1748: Renaissance scholars and artists study Roman texts and ruins, Pope Gregory XIII reforms the Julian calendar (1582), and excavations begin at Herculaneum (1738) and Pompeii (1748).
1804–Today: The Napoleonic Code builds on Roman law (1804), the Historic Centre of Rome becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1980), and archaeologists still make new finds at Pompeii.

Technology

Great domes: Hagia Sophia.
Gregorian calendar: Reform of 1582.
Digital archaeology: 3D scans of ruins.

Features

Byzantium: Roman empire in the east.
Roman law: Basis of civil law.
Latin: Mother of Romance languages.

Periods of Roman History

Period	Dates	Highlights
Early settlements	c. 1000–753 BCE	Iron Age hut villages on the hills of Rome
Regal period (kings)	753–509 BCE (traditional)	Seven kings, Etruscan influence, the Forum
Early Republic	509–264 BCE	Consuls, Twelve Tables, conquest of Italy
Middle Republic	264–133 BCE	Punic Wars, Greece and Spain conquered
Late Republic	133–27 BCE	Gracchi, Spartacus, Caesar, civil wars
Principate (early empire)	27 BCE–235 CE	Augustus, Pax Romana, greatest extent
Crisis of the Third Century	235–284 CE	Civil wars, invasions, inflation
Late Empire	284–476 CE	Diocletian, Constantine, Christianity, fall of the West
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire	395–1453 CE	Justinian, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople

Famous Romans

Person	Time	Known for
Romulus	753 BCE (legendary)	Mythical founder and first king of Rome
Cincinnatus	458 BCE (tradition)	Gave up power as dictator to return to his farm
Hannibal (Carthage)	247–c. 183 BCE	Crossed the Alps with elephants; Rome’s great enemy
Scipio Africanus	236–183 BCE	Defeated Hannibal at Zama
Cicero	106–43 BCE	Orator, lawyer, and writer of Latin prose
Julius Caesar	100–44 BCE	Conquered Gaul, dictator, Julian calendar
Augustus	Ruled 27 BCE–14 CE	First emperor, began the Pax Romana
Nero	Ruled 54–68 CE	Emperor during the Great Fire of Rome
Trajan	Ruled 98–117 CE	Empire at its largest, Trajan’s Column
Hadrian	Ruled 117–138 CE	Hadrian’s Wall, rebuilt Pantheon
Marcus Aurelius	Ruled 161–180 CE	Philosopher-emperor, wrote the Meditations
Diocletian	Ruled 284–305 CE	Reorganised the empire, rule by four
Constantine the Great	Ruled 306–337 CE	Supported Christianity, founded Constantinople
Justinian I	Ruled 527–565 CE	Code of Roman law, Hagia Sophia

Roman Engineering and Great Buildings

Reconstructed construction of a three-tier stone aqueduct bridge across a river valley, with the top tier under construction on wooden scaffolding and semicircular timber frames, a large wooden treadwheel crane lifting a stone block, workers cutting and placing stones, and an engineer with a surveying instrument on a rocky bank — Builders raise an aqueduct bridge with timber frames and a treadwheel crane (artistic illustration).

Work	Place	Date	Why it matters
Cloaca Maxima	Rome	c. 6th century BCE onwards	Drain and sewer, still partly in use
Via Appia	Rome to southern Italy	From 312 BCE	The “queen of roads”
Aqua Appia	Rome	312 BCE	Rome’s first aqueduct
Roman concrete	Across the empire	From c. 2nd century BCE	Lime and volcanic ash, even sets under water
Pont du Gard	Southern France	c. mid-1st century CE	Three-tier aqueduct bridge, about 49 m high
Colosseum	Rome	c. 70–80 CE	Largest Roman amphitheatre, about 50,000 spectators
Pantheon	Rome	c. 113–125 CE	Dome 43 m wide, still the largest unreinforced concrete dome
Hadrian’s Wall	Northern Britain	From 122 CE	About 117 km frontier wall with forts
Baths of Caracalla	Rome	c. 212–216 CE	Huge public bath complex
Hagia Sophia	Constantinople (Istanbul)	532–537 CE	Great domed church of the Eastern Empire

Daily Life in Ancient Rome

Reconstructed interior of a great Roman public bath, with a vaulted hall of coloured marble, tall columns, mosaic floors, and a steaming pool where Romans in tunics bathe, talk, and relax on marble benches while an attendant carries a tray of oil flasks, in sunlight from high arched windows — Romans relax and talk in the steamy marble hall of a public bath (artistic illustration).

Topic	Roman life
Homes	The rich lived in a domus with a courtyard; most city people rented rooms in apartment blocks called insulae
Food	Bread, wheat porridge, olive oil, vegetables, wine, and a fish sauce called garum
Clothing	Tunics for everyone; the toga for male citizens and the stola for married women
Baths	Public baths with hot, warm, and cold rooms, used for washing, exercise, and meeting friends
Entertainment	Gladiator games, chariot races at the Circus Maximus, and plays in theatres
School	Children of families who could pay learned reading, writing, arithmetic, and public speaking
Family	The father (paterfamilias) had legal power over the household
Slavery	Enslaved people did much of the work; some were later freed and became citizens
Religion	Jupiter, Juno, Mars, Vesta, and household spirits (Lares), later Christianity
Numbers	Roman numerals such as I, V, X, L, C, D, and M

Roman Legacy in the Modern World

Roman idea	Where we see it today
Latin language	Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Romanian, and many English words
Latin alphabet	Used to write English and hundreds of other languages
Roman law	Civil law systems in Europe, Latin America, and elsewhere
Senate and republic	Names and ideas used in modern governments
Julian calendar	Today’s Gregorian calendar; July and August are named after Julius Caesar and Augustus
Arches, vaults, and domes	Government buildings, churches, and stations built in Roman style
Roads and town planning	Routes and street grids in many European cities
Roman numerals	Clock faces, book chapters, and event names

Ancient Roman Civilization Timeline Summary

Year / Era	Milestone
c. 1000 BCE	Hut villages on the hills of Rome
753 BCE	Traditional founding by Romulus
509 BCE	Last king expelled; Republic begins
c. 450 BCE	Twelve Tables
c. 390 BCE	Gauls sack Rome
312 BCE	Via Appia and Aqua Appia begun
264 BCE	First Punic War begins
216 BCE	Hannibal wins at Cannae
146 BCE	Carthage and Corinth destroyed
44 BCE	Julius Caesar assassinated
27 BCE	Augustus becomes the first emperor
79 CE	Vesuvius buries Pompeii
80 CE	Colosseum opens
117 CE	Empire at its greatest extent
212 CE	Citizenship for almost all free people
313 CE	Edict of Milan
330 CE	Constantinople dedicated
410 CE	Visigoths sack Rome
476 CE	End of the Western Roman Empire
537 CE	Hagia Sophia completed
1453	Fall of Constantinople
1748	Excavations begin at Pompeii

Timeline understanding World history Map skills Civics and law

Make a timeline poster: 753 BCE founding, 509 BCE Republic, 216 BCE Cannae, 44 BCE Caesar, 27 BCE Augustus, 79 CE Pompeii, 117 CE greatest extent, 476 CE fall of the West, and 1453 Constantinople.
On a map of the Mediterranean, mark Rome, Carthage, Alexandria, Athens, Constantinople, Pompeii, Hadrian’s Wall, and the River Rubicon.
Compare the Roman Republic with India’s parliamentary democracy: who voted, who made laws, and who led the government.
Write today’s date and your age in Roman numerals.
Build a model arch or aqueduct and explain how an arch carries weight.
Find ten English words that come from Latin and give their Latin roots.
Make a fact card for one famous Roman, such as Julius Caesar, Augustus, Hadrian, or Constantine.
Write a diary entry for a day in Pompeii just before the eruption of 79 CE.
Compare ancient Rome with ancient Egypt: rulers, buildings, writing, and religion.
Debate: “The Roman Empire fell mainly because of problems inside, not attacks from outside.”

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Moments Through Visual Stories

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Ancient Rome in pictures — the first hut villages, the Senate, a marching legion, the imperial Forum, aqueduct builders, a public bath, the Goths at the gates, the dig at Pompeii, and the Colosseum then versus now.

First Villages

Palatine Hill

The Senate

Roman Republic

The Legion

Late Republic

The Forum

Imperial Rome

Aqueduct Builders

Arches & cranes

Public Baths

Daily life

Goths at the Gates

410 CE

Digging Pompeii

From 1748

Then vs Now

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Ancient Roman Civilization Timeline: Kings → Republic → Punic Wars & Caesar → Pax Romana → Fall of the West → Byzantium & Legacy

Why Ancient Rome Matters

Ancient Rome in one view

Ancient Rome Then vs Rome Now

Founding & the Kings

Technology

Features

Early Republic & the Conquest of Italy

Technology

Features

Punic Wars & the Late Republic

Technology

Features

Augustus & the Pax Romana

Technology

Features

Crisis, Christianity & the Fall of the West

Technology

Features

Byzantium & Rome’s Legacy

Technology

Features

Periods of Roman History

Famous Romans

Roman Engineering and Great Buildings

Daily Life in Ancient Rome

Roman Legacy in the Modern World

Ancient Roman Civilization Timeline Summary

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